Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19
| Total patients | Unmatched | PSM (1:1) | |||||
| （n=736） | Hypertension | Non-hypertension | P value | Hypertension | Non-hypertension | P value | |
| (n=220) | (n=516) | (n=188) | (n=188) | ||||
| Demographic, median (IQR) or count (%) | |||||||
| Age, years | 59 (48–69) | 67 (58–76) | 56 (43–65) | 0 | 65（56–72） | 65（57–72） | 0.793 |
| Gender, male | 344 (46.7%) | 107 (48.6%) | 237 (45.9%) | 0.501 | 92（48.9%） | 95（50.5%） | 0.757 |
| Comorbidities, count (%) | |||||||
| Diabetes | 36 (4.9%) | 18 (8.2%) | 18 (3.5%) | 0.007 | 11（5.9%） | 15（8%） | 0.416 |
| CHD | 44 (6.0%) | 27 (12.3%) | 17 (3.3%) | 0 | 14（7.4%） | 14（7.4%） | 1 |
| Stroke | 19 (2.6%) | 14 (6.4%) | 5 (1%) | 0 | 7（3.7%） | 5（2.7%） | 0.557 |
| Cancer | 20 (2.7%) | 4 (1.8%) | 16 (3.1%) | 0.327 | 4（2.1%） | 4（2.1%） | 1 |
| CKD | 3 (0.4%) | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.163 | 2（1.1%） | 1（0.5%） | 0.562 |
| COPD | 11 (1.5%) | 3 (1.4%) | 8 (1.6%) | 0.848 | 3（1.6%） | 3（1.6%） | 1 |
| Asthma | 6 (0.8%) | 3 (1.4%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.28 | 2（1.1%） | 1（0.5%） | 0.562 |
| Heart failure | 6 (0.8%) | 3 (1.4%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.28 | 3（1.6%） | 2（1.1%） | 0.653 |
| Arrhythmia | 18 (2.4%) | 9 (4.1%) | 9 (1.7%) | 0.059 | 4（2.1%） | 1（0.5%） | 0.177 |
| Bronchiectasis | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.534 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | - |
| SLE | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.513 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | - |
| Symptom-sign, median (IQR) or count (%) | |||||||
| Admission temperature | 36.7 (36.5–37.0) | 36.7 (36.4–37.0) | 36.7 (36.5–37.0) | 0.396 | 36.7 (36.4–37.0) | 36.6 (36.4–37.0) | 0.159 |
| Maximum temperature | 37.1 (36.9–37.7) | 37.2 (36.9–37.8) | 37.1 (36.9–37.6) | 0.069 | 37.2 (36.9–37.9) | 37.1 (36.9–37.5) | 0.272 |
| Systolic pressure (mm Hg) | 124 (110–134) | 130 (118–143) | 121 (110–131) | 0 | 130 (119–141) | 127 (119–136) | 0.128 |
| Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) | 80 (71–90) | 81 (76–90) | 80 (70–89) | 0 | 81 (77–90) | 80 (70–86) | 0.001 |
| Chills | 59 (8%) | 17 (7.7%) | 42 (8.1%) | 0.85 | 15（8.0%） | 27（14.4%） | 0.049 |
| Cough | 412 (56.0%) | 118 (53.6%) | 294 (57.0%) | 0.403 | 108（57.4%） | 115（61.2%） | 0.462 |
| Sputum | 143 (19.4%) | 38 (17.3%) | 105 (20.3%) | 0.334 | 34（18.1%） | 37（19.7%） | 0.693 |
| Haemoptysis | 3 (0.4%) | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.163 | 2（1.1%） | 0（0.0%） | 0.156 |
| Sore throat | 20 (2.7%) | 5 (2.3%) | 15 (2.9%) | 0.628 | 5（2.7%） | 5（2.7%） | 1 |
| Nasal congestion | 6 (0.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 5 (1%) | 0.477 | 1（0.5%） | 1（0.5%） | 1 |
| Headache | 26 (3.5%) | 8 (3.6%) | 18 (3.5%) | 0.921 | 6（3.2%） | 9（4.8%） | 0.429 |
| Shortness of breath | 200 (27.2%) | 61 (27.7%) | 139 (26.9%) | 0.826 | 51（27.1%） | 63（33.5%） | 0.178 |
| Dyspnoea | 32 (4.3%) | 9 (4.1%) | 23 (4.5%) | 0.823 | 8（4.3%） | 9（4.8%） | 0.804 |
| Chest tightness | 172 (23.4%) | 54 (24.5%) | 118 (22.9%) | 0.623 | 47（25.0%） | 40（21.3%） | 0.392 |
| Chest pain | 22 (3.0%) | 7 (3.2%) | 15 (2.9%) | 0.841 | 6 (3.2%) | 4 (2.1%) | 0.521 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 32 (4.3%) | 9 (4.1%) | 23 (4.5%) | 0.823 | 9（4.8%） | 8（4.3%） | 0.804 |
| Diarrhoea | 54 (7.3%) | 19 (8.6%) | 35 (6.8%) | 0.377 | 18 (9.6%) | 12 (6.4%) | 0.253 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 92 (12.5%) | 29 (13.2%) | 63 (12.2%) | 0.715 | 23（12.2%） | 25（13.3%） | 0.757 |
| Fatigue | 495 (67.3%) | 154 (70.0%) | 341 (66.1%) | 0.3 | 132（70.2%） | 115（61.2%） | 0.065 |
| Routine blood test, median (IQR) | |||||||
| White cell count, ×109/L | 5.6 (4.5–7.1) | 6.0 (4.8–7.8) | 5.5 (4.3–6.8) | 0.002 | 6.0 (4.7–7.7) | 5.7 (4.5–6.9) | 0.253 |
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 1.4 (0.9–1.8) | 0.014 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.324 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 222 (171–274) | 219 (163–281) | 223 (173–271) | 0.923 | 222 (166–282) | 227 (170–263) | 0.513 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 128 (116–137) | 127 (117–137) | 128 (116–138) | 0.28 | 128 (117–137) | 126 (116–133) | 0.296 |
| Blood biochemistry, median (IQR) | |||||||
| ALT, U/L | 21 (11–37) | 22 (13–37) | 21 (11–37) | 0.239 | 22 (14–38) | 27 (14–40) | 0.311 |
| AST, U/L | 23 (17–33) | 25 (18–36) | 23 (17–32) | 0.045 | 24 (17–37) | 24 (18–37) | 0.889 |
| Albumin, g/L | 37.8 (34.4–41.2) | 37.1 (34.0–40.2) | 38.2 (34.7–41.5) | 0.023 | 37.5 (34.8–41.1) | 36.5 (33.4–38.6) | 0.001 |
| Globulin, g/L | 25.9 (22.7–29.1) | 26.3 (23.8–29.9) | 25.6 (22.3–28.8) | 0.004 | 26.2 (23.7–29.0) | 26.8 (23.4–30.0) | 0.453 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.8 (0.1–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.563 |
| TB, μmol/L | 11.2 (8.4–14.7) | 12.0 (8.7–15.8) | 11.0 (8.3–14.3) | 0.023 | 11.4 (8.5–15.1) | 11.2 (9.0–14.4) | 0.593 |
| Creatinine, μmol /L | 66.9 (57.1–81.4) | 73.5 (61.3–88.2) | 65.0 (55.3–78.4) | 0 | 72.5 (61.3–84.5) | 66.4 (57.1–80.5) | 0.012 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 4.8 (3.8–6.1) | 5.2 (4.1–6.7) | 4.6 (3.7–5.8) | 0 | 5.2 (4.0–6.5) | 5.3 (4.1–6.5) | 0.594 |
| Coagulation marker, median (IQR) |
| ||||||
| PT, s | 12.1 (11.4–13.1) | 12.2 (11.3–13.1) | 12.1 (11.4–13.1) | 0.911 | 12.0 (11.2–12.9) | 12.0 (11.3–13.1) | 0.54 |
| INR | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.808 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.205 |
| APTT, s | 30.1 (28.1–32.1) | 29.5 (27.8–32.1) | 30.3 (28.4–32.1) | 0.039 | 29.1 (27.5–31.1) | 29.7 (27.5–31.3) | 0.729 |
| TT, s | 15.8 (14.9–17.1) | 15.9 (15.0–17.0) | 15.7 (14.9–17.1) | 0.718 | 15.8 (15.0–17.0) | 16.7 (15.7–17.8) | 0 |
| Radiological features, count (%) | |||||||
| Ground-glass opacity | 423 (61.6%) | 130 (63.1%) 18 (8.7%) | 293 (60.9%) 45 (9.45) | 0.588 0.797 | 115 (64.6%) 15 (8.4%) | 121 (65.8%) 11 (6.0%) | 0.818 0.367 |
| Unilateral patchy shadowing | 63 (9.1%) | 18 (8.7%) | 45 (9.45) | 0.797 | 15 (8.4%) | 11 (6.0%) | 0.367 |
| Bilateral patchy shadowing | 410 (60.0%) | 132 (64.1%) | 278 (57.8%) | 0.124 | 115 (64.6%) | 107 (58.2%) | 0.207 |
| Hydrothorax | 34 (5.0%) | 20 (9.7%) | 14 (2.9%) | 0 | 15 (8.4%) | 6 (3.3%) | 0.036 |
| Complications, count (%) | |||||||
| Septic shock | 8 (1.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | 7 (1.4%) | 0.28 | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (2.1%) | 0.044 |
| Heart failure | 12 (1.6%) | 6 (2.7%) | 6 (1.2%) | 0.125 | 4 (1.1%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0.703 |
| ARDS | 44 (6.0%) | 11 (5.0%) | 33 (6.4%) | 0.465 | 8 (4.3%) | 12（6.4%） | 0.358 |
| ARF | 7 (1.0%) | 2 (0.9%) | 5 (1.0%) | 0.939 | 2 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 |
| DIC | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.534 | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.513 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.317 |
| Treatments, count (%) | |||||||
| Antiviral medication | 549 (74.6%) | 172 (78.2%) | 377 (73.1%) | 0.144 | 146 (77.7%) | 128 (68.1%) | 0.037 |
| Antibacterial medication | 450 (61.1%) | 143 (65.0%) | 307 (59.5%) | 0.161 | 120 (63.8%) | 107 (56.9%) | 0.17 |
| Antifungal medication | 12 (1.6%) | 5 (2.3%) | 7 (1.4%) | 0.369 | 4 (2.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.177 |
| Glucocorticoids | 232 (31.5%) | 79 (35.9%) | 153 (29.7%) | 0.094 | 64 (34.0%) | 45 (23.9%) | 0.031 |
| Oxygen therapy | 631 (85.7%) | 195 (88.6%) | 436 (84.5%) | 0.141 | 165 (87.8%) | 153 (81.4%) | 0.087 |
| Immunoglobulin | 177 (24.0%) | 63 (28.6%) | 114 (22.1%) | 0.057 | 52 (27.7%) | 41 (21.8%) | 0.189 |
| Mechanical ventilation | |||||||
| Invasive | 11 (1.5%) | 3 (1.4%) | 8 (1.6%) | 0.848 | 2 (1.1%) | 5 (2.7%) | 0.252 |
| Non-invasive | 60 (8.2%) | 24 (10.9%) | 36 (7.0%) | 0.074 | 17 (9.0%) | 16 (8.5%) | 0.855 |
| TCM | 625 (84.9%) | 182 (82.7%) | 443 (85.9%) | 0.278 | 157 (83.5%) | 151 (80.3%) | 0.421 |
| Acupuncture | 132 (17.9%) | 47 (21.4%) | 85 (16.5%) | 0.113 | 37 (19.7%) | 40 (21.3%) | 0.701 |
| Antihypertensive | 264 (35.9%) | 164 (74.5%) | 100 (19.4%) | 0 | 140 (74.5%) | 41 (21.8%) | 0 |
| Antidiabetic | 50 (6.8%) | 22 (10%) | 28 (5.4%) | 0.024 | 14 (7.4%) | 23 (12.2%) | 0.119 |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ARF, acute renal failure; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; INR, international normalized ratio; PSM, propensity score matching; PT, prothrombin time; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; TB, total bilirubin; ; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; TT, thrombin time It should be noted that there were 49 (35 patients without hypertension and 14 hypertensive patients) cases of missed chest radiation data in 736 patients with COVID-19.