Baseline characteristics of the study population
| All (n=51) | Cardiorenal Syndrome | P value | ||
| Yes (n=18) | No (n=33) | |||
| Age, years | 73±14 | 77±12 | 72±14 | 0.202 |
| Male, n (%) | 31 (60.8) | 9 (50.0) | 22 (66.7) | 0.244 |
| Weight, kg | 64.0±11.2 | 64.5±10.1 | 63.7±11.9 | 0.808 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7±4.1 | 26.7±4.3 | 25.1±3.9 | 0.166 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 34 (66.7) | 10 (55.6) | 24 (72.7) | 0.214 |
| CAD, n (%) | 27 (52.9) | 7 (38.9) | 20 (60.6) | 0.138 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 27 (52.9) | 11 (61.1) | 16 (48.5) | 0.388 |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 27 (52.9) | 11 (61.1) | 16 (48.5) | 0.388 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 27 (52.9) | 8 (44.4) | 19 (57.6) | 0.369 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 47.8±18.3 | 46.1±15.7 | 48.7±19.8 | 0.638 |
| Permanent pacemaker, n (%) | 4 (7.8) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (3.0) | 0.120 |
| CRT, n (%) | 7 (13.7) | 1 (5.6) | 6 (18.2) | 0.398 |
| Ever-smoker, n (%) | 19 (37.3) | 7 (38.9) | 12 (36.4) | 0.859 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 1380±901 | 892±613 | 1647±928 | 0.003* |
| NGAL, ng/mL | 176±100 | 202±122 | 162±84 | 0.278 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 134±46 | 129±42 | 137±49 | 0.542 |
| Preadmission medications | ||||
| Frusemide, n (%) | 30 (58.8) | 12 (66.7) | 18 (54.5) | 0.401 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 30 (58.8) | 11 (61.1) | 19 (57.6) | 0.806 |
| ACEI/ ARB, n (%) | 29 (56.9) | 9 (50.0) | 20 (60.6) | 0.465 |
| MRA, n (%) | 15 (29.4) | 1 (5.6) | 14 (42.4) | 0.006* |
| Nitrate, n (%) | 15 (29.4) | 5 (27.8) | 10 (30.3) | 0.850 |
| Hydralazine, n (%) | 4 (7.8) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (9.1) | 1.000 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 10 (19.6) | 2 (11.1) | 8 (24.2) | 0.462 |
| Statin, n (%) | 25 (49.0) | 8 (44.4) | 17 (51.5) | 0.629 |
| Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | 25 (49.0) | 10 (55.6) | 15 (45.5) | 0.490 |
| Anticoagulant, n (%) | 18 (35.3) | 4 (22.2) | 14 (42.4) | 0.149 |
*p<0.05.
ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronisation therapy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.