Category and causes of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
Category | Causes |
Postinfectious | Viral |
Bacterial | |
Fungal | |
Atypical mycobacteria15 | |
ABPA | |
COPD16–18 | |
Idiopathic | |
Traction | Post-tuberculosis fibrosis |
Post-radiation fibrosis | |
Fibrosis (eg, sarcoidosis) | |
Collagen vascular diseases | |
Twisting or displacement of the airways after lobar resection | |
Inhalation/aspiration | Inhalation of corrosive substances |
Aspiration of foreign body | |
Obstruction | Benign bronchogenic tumours |
Broncholithiasis | |
Enlarged lymph nodes | |
Amyloidosis22 | Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis |
Secondary amyloidosis | |
Coeliac disease28 | |
Endometriosis30 | |
Yellow nail syndrome | |
Young's syndrome35 36 | |
Immunological abnormalities | Primary |
Common variable immune deficiency | |
Congenital agammaglobulinaemia | |
Hyper IgE (Job) syndrome14 Etc. | |
Secondary | |
Chemotherapy | |
Immunosuppressive therapy | |
Cancer (eg, chronic lymphatic leukaemia) | |
Congenital abnormalities | Anatomic |
Scoliosis, pectus excavatum19 | |
Marfan syndrome | |
Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier–Kuhn syndrome) | |
Pulmonary sequestration | |
Williams–Campbell syndrome | |
Other | |
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener syndrome) | |
α1-antitrypsin deficiency | |
Defective ENaC protein20 | |
Diffuse panbronchiolitis21 | |
Relapsing polychondritis | |
Rheumatoid arthritis23–26 | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus27 | |
Sjögren29 | |
Ankylosing spondylitis | |
Inflammatory bowel disease31–34 |
ABPA, allergic brochopulmonary aspergillosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.