Responses of infants to pain
Physiological changes | Behavioural changes | Biochemical changes |
---|---|---|
Increase in: | Change in facial expression12: | Increased release of: |
• Heart rate | • Grimacing | • Cortisol |
• Blood pressure | • Screwing up of eyes | • Catecholamines |
• Respiratory rate | • Nasal flaring | • Glucagon |
• Oxygen consumption | • Deep nasolabial groove | • Growth hormone |
• Mean airway pressure | • Curving of the tongue | • Renin |
• Muscle tone | • Quivering of the chin | • Aldosterone |
• Intracranial pressure | • Antidiuretic hormone | |
Body movements13: | ||
Autonomic changes10,11: | • Finger clenching | Decreased secretion of: |
• Mydriasis | • Thrashing of limbs | • Insulin |
• Sweating | • Writhing | |
• Flushing | • Arching of back | |
• Pallor | • Head banging |