Important clinical parameters that may contribute to the diagnosis of ARAS
| History | Clinical examination |
|---|---|
| Smoker | Abdominal/femoral bruit |
| Recent onset of hypertension (within 2 years) | Evidence of peripheral vascular disease |
| Difficult to control hypertension (three or more medications) | Grade III/IV hypertensive retinopathy |
| Accelerated hypertension | |
| Age (>70 years) | |
| Antihypertensive medication-induced renal impairment especially by ACE inhibitors | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | |
| Episodes of unexplained pulmonary oedema (flash pulmonary oedema) | |
| Renal impairment with any of the above |