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Abstract
Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and mortality in patients with COVID-19.
Methods Systematic literature search from several electronic databases were performed. The outcome was mortality (non-survivor) in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. NT-proBNP data were in continuous variable (pg/mL), dichotomous data (elevated/non-elevated) and effect estimate adjusted to cardiac injury/elevated biomarkers of cardiac injury.
Results A total of 967 patients from six studies were included in this analysis. NT-proBNP was higher in non-survivor group (standardised mean difference 0.75 (0.44, 1.07), p<0.001; I2: 61%). Elevated NT-proBNP was associated with increased mortality (RR 3.63 (92.21, 5.95), p<0.001; I2: 60%). Sensitivity analysis by removing a study reduces heterogeneity (risk ratio 3.47 (2.36, 5.11), p<0.001; I2: 49%). Pooled adjusted HR (adjusted to cardiac injury/elevated biomarkers of cardiac injury) showed that elevated NT-proBNP was independently associated with mortality (HR 1.37 (1.19, 1.57), p<0.001; I2: 0%, p=0.77). Pooled analysis of multiple cut-off point resulted in a sensitivity of 76% (46%–92%) and specificity of 88% (71%–96%). Summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrates an area under curve of 0.90 (0.87–0.93). Elevated NT-proBNP has a likelihood ratio (LR) +6.4 and LR -0.3.
Conclusion Elevated NT-proBNP level was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia.
- intensive & critical care
- infectious diseases
- respiratory infections
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Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) affirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health emergency of international concern and declared it as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.1 Globally, there were more than 1 800 000 people infected by COVID-19 which resulted in 110 000 deaths.2 While patients with COVID-19 commonly have mild symptoms or even be asymptomatic, a notable proportion of patients may develop severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan failure and, death.3 Markers to risk-stratify patients with COVID-19 are crucial during a pandemic in which resource allocation needs to be judiciously organized. 4
Cardiac injury is present in up to 20% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19.5 A recently published study showed that N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) increases the risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19.6 NT-proBNP is a natriuretic peptide released as a response to increased ventricular wall tension, it is a marker of reduced left ventricular systolic function and poor prognosis in patients with heart failure.7 8 In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to assess the association between NT-proBNP and mortality in patients with COVID-19.
Methods
Search strategy and study selection
We performed a comprehensive systematic literature search from PubMed, SCOPUS, EuropePMC, Cochrane Central Databases with the search terms: (1) ‘COVID-19’ OR ‘SARS-CoV-2’ AND ‘Cardiac’, (2) ‘COVID-19’ OR ‘SARS-CoV-2’ AND ‘Characteristic’, we limit the search results to the year 2020. After initial search, the duplicate results were then removed. Two independent authors (IH and RP) performed screening of the abstracts and title for potential articles. Full texts of potential articles were then assessed by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. We finalised the search on 8 April 2020.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Original articles containing data on NT-proBNP and its association with mortality in patients with COVID-19 were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Review articles, case reports, letter to editor and correspondence that did not report primary data were excluded from the analysis. Articles in non-English language were also excluded.
Data extraction
Two independent authors (IH and RP) performed data extraction. To facilitate data extraction, we used a standardised extraction forms containing authors in the rows and year, study design, gender, age, NT-proBNP level (and its cut-off point), troponin level, age, gender, hypertension, coronary artery/cardiovascular diseases, respiratory comorbidities and mortality in the column.
The outcome of interest was mortality (non-survivor) in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. NT-proBNP data were in continuous variable (pg/mL), dichotomous data (elevated/non-elevated) and effect estimate adjusted to cardiac injury/elevated biomarkers of cardiac injury.
Statistical analysis
To perform meta-analysis, we used Review Manager V.5.3 (Cochrane Collaboration) and Stata V.16. We used the inverse-variance method to assess continuous variables and the pooled effect estimate was reported as standardised mean differences (SMD) with its SD. Mantel-Haenszel formula was used for dichotomous variables to calculate the risk ratios (RRs) and its 95% CIs. The pooling of adjusted effect estimate was done using inverse-variance formula to calculate HR which was reported along its 95% CIs. All p values in this meta-analysis were two-tailed, and the statistical significance was set at ≤0.05 (except for heterogeneity, which is <0.10). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the cause of heterogeneity. To assess the risk of publication bias qualitatively, inverted funnel-plot analysis was performed. Regression-based Egger’s and Harbord’s test were then performed to assess the small-study effect for continuous variable and dichotomous variable, respectively.
Results
Baseline characteristics and study selection
Initial search yields 482 records, and after screening+duplicate removal, 359 records remained. Title and abstracts were then screened to identify potential studies, in which 324 records were removed. Thirty-five full texts were then assessed for eligibility, and a total of 29 were excluded because of (1) no information on NT-proBNP (n=27) and (2) specific study population (myocarditis and patients with cardiovascular manifestation) (n=2). There were six studies eligible for qualitative and quantitative synthesis5 6 9–12 (figure 1). There were a total of 967 patients from six studies. All of the included studies were retrospective observational in design. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the included studies.
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses study flow diagram. NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.
Characteristics of the included studies
Association between NT-proBNP and mortality in COVID-19
Meta-analysis showed that NT-proBNP was higher in non-survivor group (SMD 0.75 (0.44, 1.07), p<0.001; I2: 61%, p=0.04) (figure 2). Elevated NT-proBNP was associated with increased mortality (RR 3.63 (2.21, 5.95), p<0.001; I2: 60%, p=0.06) (figure 3). Sensitivity analysis by removing Gao et al’s study showed that heterogeneity could be reduced (RR 3.47 (2.36, 5.11), p<0.001; I2: 49%, p=0.14). Pooled analysis of multiple cut-off point resulted in a sensitivity of 76% (46%–92%) and specificity of 88% (71%–96%). Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve analysis (with prediction and confidence contours) demonstrate an area under curve (AUC) of 0.90 (0.87–0.93) (figure 4). Elevated NT-proBNP has a likelihood ratio (LR) +6.4 and LR -0.3. Pooled adjusted HR (adjusted to cardiac injury/elevated biomarkers of cardiac injury) showed that elevated NT-proBNP was independently associated with mortality (HR 1.37 (1.19, 1.57), p<0.001; I2: 0%, p=0.77).
NT-proBNP concentration and mortality. Non-survivors have a higher concentration of NT-proBNP compared with survivors. NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.
Elevated NT-proBNP and mortality. Elevated NT-proBNP was associated with increased mortality. NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.
SROC curve for elevated NT-proBNP and mortality. SROC curve for pooled analysis of elevated NT-proBNP at multiple cut-off points. NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. SROC: Summary receiver operating characteristic
Risk of publication bias
Inverted funnel-plot analysis demonstrated a qualitatively asymmetrical shape, which indicates the possibility of publication bias (figure 5). Regression-based Harbord’s test was statistically significant for small-study effects (p=0.034). Egger’s test indicates a statistically significant small-study effects for the continuous variable (p=0.002).
Funnel-plot analysis. Funnel-plot analysis showing asymmetrical funnel plot indicating possible risk of publication bias. SMD, standardised mean difference.
Discussion
This meta-analysis showed elevated NT-proBNP level was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia with satisfying AUC and specificity.
NT-proBNP has been shown to predict short-term and long-term mortality in patients with pneumonia.13–15 Critically ill patients with pneumonia have elevated NT-proBNP concentration in the intensive care unit setting.14 Hence, NT-proBNP can be used for the risk-stratification purpose in patients without chronic heart failure. Indeed, NT-proBNP has also been shown to be a marker of poor prognosis in patients with sepsis and ARDS.16 17 Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in patients with pneumonia may increase ventricular wall stress and leads to the release of NT-proBNP.18 The use of vasopressor in critically ill patients may also contribute further to the wall stress.14 Presence of renal failure in critically ill patients may also impair NT-proBNP clearance.19 20 Pneumonia is postulated to cause relative ischaemia, sympathetic upregulation, systemic inflammation and direct pathogen-mediated damage to the cardiovascular system.18 Furthermore, pneumonia has been shown to increase short-term and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease, bridging the aforementioned hypothesis.21 A similar mechanism may underlie NT-proBNP elevation in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia; this meta-analysis only demonstrates the short-term outcome, follow-up is needed for the longer term outcome. NT-proBNP is postulated to increase the risk of heart failure in patients with COVID-19.22
A meta-analysis showed that elevated troponin increased the risk for mortality and become a possible confounder in the analysis.23 Nevertheless, the current meta-analysis also showed the possibility that NT-proBNP was independently associated with mortality after adjustment to troponin and creatine kinase myocardial band.
Implications for clinical practice
NT-proBNP may be used for risk stratification of patients with COVID-19 in order to determine treatment strategies based on risk in a tight resource situation due to pandemic. We encourage studies that aim to develop the prognostication model to include NT-proBNP as one of the biomarkers in their study.
Limitation
The limitation of this systematic review and meta-analysis is the presence of publication bias, as indicated funnel plot, Egger’s and Harbord’s test. The sample size was also small; due to the novelty of the virus, the report on NT-proBNP was scarce. Furthermore, the cut-off points differ across the studies. The articles included in this meta-analysis were mostly preprints; nevertheless, exhaustive efforts have been made to ensure that only sound studies were included in the analysis.
Conclusions
This meta-analysis showed elevated NT-proBNP level was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia.
Main messages
Level of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was higher in non-survivor group.
NT-proBNP was associated with mortality in both pooled unadjusted and adjusted models.
It has 76% sensitivity and 88% specificity, and area under curve of 0.90.
Current research questions
An effective prognostication model remains to be explored in patients with COVID-19.
Prospective studies with larger sample size and similar/uniform cut-off points are needed to confirm this finding.
Studies outside China are needed to make conclusion more generalisable.
What is already known on the subject
Cardiac injury is present in up to 20% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19.
NT-proBNP has been previously shown as a goodreliable prognostic marker in patients with pneumonia
References
Footnotes
Correction notice This article has been corrected since it appeared Online First. Figure 2 has been replaced (Shi S was mislabeled as Shi Q). Row 7 on Luo XM in the table has been removed as the article was excluded from the study.
Contributors RP conceived and designed the study. IH and RP acquired the data, drafted the manuscript, performed data extraction and interpreted the data. IH, RP, AAL and SBR performed extensive research on the topic. AAL and SBR reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. RP performed the statistical analysis.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.