Footnotes

• Contributors S-WL contributed to the conception of the article, initiated the draft of the article and has approved the final draft submitted. C-LL and K-FL conducted data analysis.

• Funding This study was supported in part by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan (MOHW108-TDU-B-212–1 33 004), and China Medical University Hospital in Taiwan (DMR-107–192 and DMR-108–089), Academia Sinica Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10701010021) and MOST Clinical Trial Consortium for Stroke (MOST 108–2321-B-039–003). These funding agencies did not influence the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

• Competing interests None declared.

• Patient consent for publication Not required.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.